![]() ![]() It should rather complex to elucidate in this paper all the potentialities of the BWE. An excellent review and an historical account of the first authors and recent advances in this field are given in. The presently technological level reached in computer assisted imaging elaboration as well as in the use of new methodologies of analysis has induced valuable new interest in the theoretical analysis of the treatment as well as in the clinical applications. Research on the effects of BWE on pain, headaches, migraines, anxiety, and stress followed in the 1980s and expanded in the 1990s to include learning and memory, ADHD, learning disabilities, behavioural problems, and PMS. Oster’s results evidenced the properties of the binaural beat. The development of BWE tools increased largely starting with 1973. Psychological effects of BWE were further explored in 1946 when flickering light produced frequency-dependent sensations of pattern, movement and colour. In 1942, Dempsey and Morison found that BWE could also be induced by a tactile stimulus, and in 1959 Chaitran reported entrainment effects with an auditory stimulus. After the initial demonstration of Berger in 1934 on electrical activity recorded from the human brain, Adrian and Mathews showed that the Berger rhythm (alpha) could be further amplified by photic stimulation at the same frequency. In fact, the first known clinical application of BWE was introduced from the French psychologist, Pierre Janet, in the late 1800s. Under a rather phenomenological profile BWE has an old story. Photic stimulation can be also presented independently to each eye or each visual field in order to more effectively target stimulation to the right or left brain hemisphere. Pulses of light can be presented as different waveforms or colours. The pitches are presented together with monaural beats but fed separately to each ear with binaural beats.įor photic stimulation, most devices use lights or a flashing screen. Monaural and Binaural beats are presented as two tones with very similar frequencies, and obviously the brain perceives a beat that is the difference between the two pitches. Isochronic tones are evenly spaced tones that simply turn on and off. ![]() The basic theoretical foundation in BWE is to stimulate the brain at the desired frequency via auditory tones, flashing lights, or a combination of both using iso- chronic, monaural, or binaural beats. We give here only some indications as to improve cognitive functioning, mood, stress/anxiety, pain relief, headaches/migraines, behaviour, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This method is evidencing its importance in some specific fields. ![]() Brainwave entrainment (BWE) is a well-known physical technique relating using rhythmic stimuli that induce a frequency response of brainwaves to match the frequency of the stimulus. It is well known that brainwave entrainment is a process that synchronizes or entrains natural brainwaves to that of an external stimulus frequency, which is usually auditory and/or visual in nature. Therefore, the obtained result promises to be of valuable interest not only in terms of the basic neurological investigation but also because it delineates new possibilities in terms of clinical application. The risk induced from low HRV is by this time well known in literature. The experiment has been performed by us on ten subjects with age ranging from 20 to 70 years old. In detail, we have used alpha brain stimulation and we have found that it induces an enhancement of HRV, particularly in Total Variability and Vagal Modulation activities. In the present research, we have used the brain entrainment (BWE) treatment simultaneously recording time series data of R-R intervals of the ECG during rest condition. Keywords: Brain Entrainment Alpha Rhythm Brain Stimulation HRV Analysis Fast Fourier Transform Analysis of Time Series Data Received 27 June 2013 revised 5 August 2013 accepted 25 August 2013 This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, ItalyģDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Oncology, TIRES, Center of Innovative Technologies for Signal Detection and Processing, University of Bari, Bari, ItalyĤDepartment of Neurological Sciences, Center of Innovative Technologies for Signal Detection and Processing, University of Bari, Bari, ItalyĥDivision of Psychology and Language Sciences University College, London, UKĮmail: © 2013 Francesco Casciaro et al. ![]()
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